Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety

Papa Macoumba Faye; Djicknack Dione; Oumar Ndiaye; Moussa Hamady Sy; Nogaye Ndiaye; Alassane Traore; Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

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Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety

Papa Macoumba Faye^*

, Djicknack Dione

, Oumar Ndiaye

, Moussa Hamady Sy, Nogaye Ndiaye

, Alassane Traore

, Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao

Published in American Journal of Modern Physics (Volume 13, Issue 4)

Received: 24 July 2024 Accepted: 12 August 2024 Published: 29 September 2024

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Abstract

Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.

Published in	American Journal of Modern Physics (Volume 13, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
Page(s)	57-63
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

X-ray Fluorescence, Powdered Milk, Heavy Metal Concentrations, Elemental Analysis and AML

References

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APA Style

Faye, P. M., Dione, D., Ndiaye, O., Sy, M. H., Ndiaye, N., et al. (2024). Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety. American Journal of Modern Physics, 13(4), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

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ACS Style

Faye, P. M.; Dione, D.; Ndiaye, O.; Sy, M. H.; Ndiaye, N., et al. Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety. Am. J. Mod. Phys. 2024, 13(4), 57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

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AMA Style

Faye PM, Dione D, Ndiaye O, Sy MH, Ndiaye N, et al. Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety. Am J Mod Phys. 2024;13(4):57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12,
  author = {Papa Macoumba Faye and Djicknack Dione and Oumar Ndiaye and Moussa Hamady Sy and Nogaye Ndiaye and Alassane Traore and Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao},
  title = {Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety
},
  journal = {American Journal of Modern Physics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {57-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmp.20241304.12},
  abstract = {Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety

AU  - Papa Macoumba Faye
AU  - Djicknack Dione
AU  - Oumar Ndiaye
AU  - Moussa Hamady Sy
AU  - Nogaye Ndiaye
AU  - Alassane Traore
AU  - Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao
Y1  - 2024/09/29
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
T2  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JF  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JO  - American Journal of Modern Physics
SP  - 57
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-8891
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
AB  - Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.

VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Papa Macoumba Faye

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-3391
Djicknack Dione

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-8680
Oumar Ndiaye

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0004-8230-0353
Moussa Hamady Sy

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email
Nogaye Ndiaye

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-1710-569X
Alassane Traore

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9927-2588
Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao

Institute Technologies of Nuclear Applied, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Physics of Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8930-0514

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Faye, P. M., Dione, D., Ndiaye, O., Sy, M. H., Ndiaye, N., et al. (2024). Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety. American Journal of Modern Physics, 13(4), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

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ACS Style

Faye, P. M.; Dione, D.; Ndiaye, O.; Sy, M. H.; Ndiaye, N., et al. Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety. Am. J. Mod. Phys. 2024, 13(4), 57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

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AMA Style

Faye PM, Dione D, Ndiaye O, Sy MH, Ndiaye N, et al. Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety. Am J Mod Phys. 2024;13(4):57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12,
  author = {Papa Macoumba Faye and Djicknack Dione and Oumar Ndiaye and Moussa Hamady Sy and Nogaye Ndiaye and Alassane Traore and Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao},
  title = {Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety
},
  journal = {American Journal of Modern Physics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {57-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmp.20241304.12},
  abstract = {Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Using Nuclear Methods in X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Quantify Heavy Metals in Senegalese Powdered Milk: Improving Milk Safety

AU  - Papa Macoumba Faye
AU  - Djicknack Dione
AU  - Oumar Ndiaye
AU  - Moussa Hamady Sy
AU  - Nogaye Ndiaye
AU  - Alassane Traore
AU  - Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao
Y1  - 2024/09/29
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
T2  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JF  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JO  - American Journal of Modern Physics
SP  - 57
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-8891
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20241304.12
AB  - Applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF), this study investigated the elemental analysis and heavy metal contents in five Senegalese powdered milk samples (V1, L1, H1, G1, and D1). The primary focus was on Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), and Chlorine (Cl), with special attention given to the compliance of these elements with safety standards. The analysis revealed that Aluminum was either absent or present in minimal quantities across all samples, suggesting that the powdered milk is largely free from this element. Calcium levels were found to be consistently higher than the Acceptable Maximum Level (AML) across all samples, with the H1 sample significantly exceeding the AML by approximately 11.1 times, with a concentration of 27,745.06 ± 310.16 ppm. This indicates a potential risk of excessive calcium intake from this sample. Potassium concentrations varied significantly; while the V1 sample remained within acceptable limits, the G1 sample exhibited potassium levels substantially above the AML, reaching 51,058.15 ± 456.13 ppm, which could pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities. Chlorine concentrations generally met the AML, except for the G1 sample, which slightly surpassed the limit at 3631.04 ± 31.23 ppm. The phosphorus content in the H1 sample was notably high, though further details are needed to fully assess its implications. The study underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and elemental levels in powdered milk to ensure consumer safety.

VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

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